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Cobell v. Salazar Class Action Lawsuit. ... 1866 TREATIES
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Reconstruction Treaties
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861, a significant number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas had been relocated from the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi. The inhabitants of the eastern part of the Indian Territory, the Five Civilized Tribes, were suzerain nations with established tribal governments, well established cultures, and legal systems that allowed for slavery. Before European Contact these tribes were generally matriarchial societies, with agriculture being the primary economic pursuit. The bulk of the tribes lived in towns (some covering hundreds of acres and containing thousands of people) with planned streets, residential and public areas. The people were ruled by complex hereditary chiefdoms of varying size and complexity with high levels of military organization.[1]
By the middle of the 19th century, the United States Government had started leasing land from the Five Civilized Tribes (ex. Choctaw and Chickasaw[2]) in the western, more arid, part of Indian Territory. These leased lands were used to resettle several Plains Indian tribes that tended to be nomadic in nature, embracing the Horse culture. At the extreme, the Comanche society was based on patrilinear and patrilocal extended family sharing a common language; they did not developed the political idea of forming a nation or tribe until their relocation to Indian Territory.
At the beginning of the Civil War, the Union Army was withdrawn from Indian Territory exposing the Five Civilized Tribes to aggression from the Plains Indians. The Confederacy filled the vacuum. All of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as other surrounding tribes signed treaties with the Confederacy. As a part of reconstruction, the Southern Treaty Commission was created by Congress to write new treaties with the Tribes that sided with the Confederacy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties
"The Native People of North America: Southeast Culture Area". Retrieved 2012-05-27.
Jump up ^ "TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW, June 22, 1855. / 11 Stats., 611. / Ratified Feb. 21, 1856. / Proclaimed Mar. 4, 1856". Retrieved 2012-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Reconstruction Treaties, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History". Retrieved 2012-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528.". Retrieved 2012-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Perry, Dan W. "Oklahoma, A Foreordained Commonwealth" Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume 14, No. 1, March, 1936, p30 (Oklahoma Historical Society)". Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ With the passage of the Oklahoma organic act in 1890, Oklahoma Territory became an "organized" incorporated territory of the United States
Jump up ^ Reconstruction Treaties, ibid
Jump up ^ Treaty Commission Journal, p4
Jump up ^ "AGREEMENT WITH THE CHEROKEE AND OTHER TRIBES IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY, Sept 13, 1865, Ft. Smith, Arkansaw. House Ex. Doc. No. 1, 1st sess. 39th Cong., vol. 2, 1865-66, pp. 480 to 542.". Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: Hearings on H.R. 19213 Before the H. Subcomm. on Indian Affairs, at 24 (Feb. 14, 1912) (statement of Hon. Byron P. Harrison) ("While the {1866 Treaty of Washington} contemplated the immediate allotment in severalty of the lands in the Choctaw-Chickasaw country, yet such allotment in severalty to anyone was never made under such treaty, and has only been consummated since the breaking up of the tribal organization and preparatory to the organization of the State of Oklahoma.")
Jump up ^ Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566 (currently codified at 25 U.S.C. § 71)
Jump up ^ Congress' plenary authority to "override treaty provisions and legislate for the protection of the Indians." United States v. City of McAlester, 604 F.2d 42, 47 (10th Cir. 1979)
Jump up ^ United States v. Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 364 F.Supp. 192, 194 (D.Mont. 1973) ("[A]n Indian tribe is sovereign to the extent that the United States permits it to be sovereign – neither more nor less.")
Jump up ^ "Act of April 26, 1906, Public Number 129".
Jump up ^ Treaty Commission Journal p3
Jump up ^ Journal of the Southern Treaty Commission 1865, Larry S. Watson, Editor. HISTREE, 1994. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Jump up ^ Treaty Commission Journal, p1
Jump up ^ Treaty Commission Journal p18
Jump up ^ Reconstruction Treaties, idib
Jump up ^ Stand Watie bio
Jump up ^ Brigadier General Stand Waite, Civil War
Jump up ^ Daniel Newnan McIntosh was born in Georgia on 20 September 1822, son of Susannah Coe and William McIntosh (1778-1825), Principal Chief of the Lower Creeks. After the war, McIntosh represented the Creek Nation as a delegate signing the Creek Treaty of 1866. He served frequently as a tribal delegate to Washington, D.C. He became a successful farmer, stockman and landholder. During his lifetime, he had held every office except Principal Chief of the Creek Nation. http://www.scvtulsa.com/index_files/Page334.html
Jump up ^ "Treaty of Washington United States-Choctaw Nation-Chickasaw Nation, 14 Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866". Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Treaty with the Creeks, 1866, June 14, 1866. (14 Stats., 785) Ratified July 19, 1866, Proclaimed Aug. 11, 1866". Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Treaty with the Cherokee, August 11, 1866. Oklahoma Historical Society: Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties.". Retrieved 2010-02-05.
"Treaty of March 21, 1866, with the Seminole Indians. Ratified Treaty No. 352". Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ "TREATY WITH THE SENECA, MIXED SENECA AND SHAWNEE, QUAPAW, ETC., 1867 (15 Stats., 513) Ratified June 18, 1868. Proclaimed Oct. 14, 1868".
Jump up ^ "Treaty with the Delewares, 1866. (14 Stats., 793) Ratified July 26, 1866. Proclaimed Aug. 10, 1866". Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Treaty with the Osage, 1865 (14 Stat., 687) Ratified June 26, 1866. Proclaimed, Jan. 21, 1867".
Jump up ^ "Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, 1867 (15 Stat., 495) Ratified July 25, 1868. Proclaimed Oct. 14, 1868".
Jump up ^ Reconstruction Treaties, idib
Jump up ^ "Treaty of Washington United States-Choctaw Nation-Chickasaw Nation, 14 Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866".
Jump up ^ "TREATY WITH THE OSAGE, 1865. Sept. 29, 1865; 14 Stat., 687; Ratified June 26, 1866; Proclaimed, Jan. 21, 1867.". Retrieved 2012-02-08.